Thaum pib yog lo lus, thiab lo lus yog qhov muag plooj.
Qhov ntawd yog vim qhov tsom iav tsis tau tsim dua.Yog tias koj pom qhov ze, pom deb lossis muaj astigmatism, koj tsis muaj hmoo.Txhua yam yog qhov muag plooj.
Nws tsis yog kom txog rau thaum xyoo pua 13th uas kho cov lo ntsiab muag tau tsim thiab cov khoom siv tsis zoo, lawv tau ua.Tab sis cov neeg uas lub zeem muag tsis zoo tag nrho ua li cas ua ntej ntawd?
Lawv tau ua ib qho ntawm ob yam.Lawv tau tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej kom tsis pom kev zoo, lossis lawv tau ua cov neeg ntse ib txwm ua.
Lawv improvised.
Cov tsom iav thawj improvised yog cov looj tsom iav me me, ntawm ib hom.Prehistoric Inuits hnav lub ntsej muag walrus ivory nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag los thaiv lub hnub rays.
Nyob rau hauv ancient Rome, huab tais Nero yuav tuav ib tug polished emerald nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws ob lub qhov muag kom txo lub hnub ci glare thaum nws saib gladiators sib ntaus sib tua.
Nws tus kws qhia ntawv, Seneca, tau khav hais tias nws nyeem "tag nrho cov phau ntawv hauv Rome" los ntawm lub khob iav loj uas muaj dej, uas nthuav tawm cov ntawv luam tawm.Tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog seb ib tug goldfish tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev.
Qhov no yog qhov kev taw qhia txog kev kho cov lo ntsiab muag, uas tau nce siab, me ntsis, hauv Venice nyob ib ncig ntawm 1000 CE, thaum Seneca lub tais thiab dej (thiab tejzaum nws kub ntses) tau hloov los ntawm lub tiaj-hauv qab, convex iav sphere uas tau muab tso rau saum cov ntawv nyeem. cov ntaub ntawv, dhau los ua thawj lub iav tsom iav thiab ua rau Sherlock Holmes ntawm medieval ltalis sau ntau cov lus qhia los daws teeb meem txhaum cai.Cov "nyeem ntawv pob zeb" no kuj tau tso cai rau cov txiv plig txuas ntxiv nyeem, sau, thiab teeb tsa cov ntawv sau tom qab lawv muaj 40 xyoo.
Suav cov kws txiav txim plaub ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th hnav ib hom looj tsom iav dub, ua los ntawm cov pa taws quartz siv lead ua, tuav ntawm lawv lub ntsej muag kom lawv cov lus tsis tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov neeg tim khawv uas lawv tau nug, muab cov lus dag rau "inscrutable" stereotype.Txawm hais tias qee qhov nyiaj ntawm Marco Polo mus rau Tuam Tshoj 100 xyoo tom qab tau lees tias nws tau hais tias nws pom cov neeg laus Suav hnav tsom iav, cov nyiaj no tau raug lees paub tias yog kev dag ntxias, txij li cov neeg uas tau tshuaj xyuas Marco Polo phau ntawv sau tsis tau hais txog tsom iav.
Txawm hais tias muaj tseeb hnub tsis sib haum xeeb, nws feem ntau pom zoo tias thawj nkawm tsom iav kho qhov muag tau tsim nyob rau hauv ltalis qee zaum ntawm 1268 thiab 1300. Cov no yog ob lub pob zeb nyeem ntawv (cov tsom iav loj) txuas nrog lub pob khawm sib npaug ntawm tus choj ntawm tus choj. qhov ntswg.
Thawj cov duab kos duab ntawm ib tug neeg hnav cov tsom iav qhov muag no yog nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm ib nrab-14-xyoo pua paintings los ntawm Tommaso da Modena, uas featured cov hauj sam siv monocles thiab hnav thaum ntxov pince-nez (Fabkis rau "pinch qhov ntswg") style tsom iav los nyeem. thiab luam cov ntawv sau.
Los ntawm Ltalis, qhov kev tsim kho tshiab no tau qhia rau "Low" lossis "Benelux" lub teb chaws (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Spain, Fabkis thiab Askiv.Cov iav no yog tag nrho cov lo ntsiab muag convex uas nthuav tawm cov ntawv luam tawm thiab cov khoom.Nws yog nyob rau hauv tebchaws Askiv uas cov kws tsim tsom iav tau pib tshaj tawm cov tsom iav nyeem ntawv ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg muaj hnub nyoog tshaj 40 xyoo. Nyob rau xyoo 1629 tau tsim lub Tuam Txhab Kev Ntseeg ntawm Kev Pom Zoo, nrog cov lus hais tias: "Kev foom koob hmoov rau cov laus".
Ib qho kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb tuaj nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, thaum lub lo ntsiab muag concave tau tsim rau lub zeem muag pom Pope Leo X. Tam sim no tsom iav rau farsightedness thiab nearsightedness muaj.Txawm li cas los xij, txhua yam ntawm cov tsom iav thaum ntxov no tuaj nrog qhov teeb meem loj - lawv yuav tsis nyob ntawm koj lub ntsej muag.
Yog li Spanish cov tuam txhab tsom iav tau khi cov kab lo lo ntxhuav rau cov lo ntsiab muag thiab khi cov ribbons ntawm tus neeg hnav lub pob ntseg.Thaum cov tsom iav no tau qhia rau Suav teb los ntawm cov tub txib Spanish thiab Italian, cov neeg Suav pov tseg qhov kev xav ntawm txoj hlua khi ntawm pob ntseg.Lawv khi me ntsis hnyav rau qhov kawg ntawm cov ribbons kom lawv nyob ntawm pob ntseg.Tom qab ntawd tus kws kho qhov muag London, Edward Scarlett, xyoo 1730 tau tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub tuam tsev niaj hnub caj npab, ob lub pas nrig uas txuas rau lub lo ntsiab muag thiab so rau saum pob ntseg.Nees nkaum ob xyoos tom qab ntawd tus kws tsim tsom iav qhov muag James Ayscough tau kho lub tuam tsev txhais caj npab, ntxiv hinges los pab kom lawv quav.Nws kuj tau pleev xim rau tag nrho nws cov lo ntsiab muag ntsuab lossis xiav, tsis yog ua rau lawv looj tsom iav dub, tab sis vim nws xav tias cov tints no kuj pab ua kom pom kev zoo.
Tom ntej no loj innovation nyob rau hauv tsom iav tuaj nrog invention ntawm lub bifocal.Txawm hais tias feem ntau cov peev txheej niaj hnub lees paub qhov kev tsim ntawm bifocals rau Benjamin Franklin, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1780s, ib tsab xov xwm ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm College of Optometrists nug qhov kev thov no los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov pov thawj muaj.Nws tau txiav txim siab tias nws muaj feem ntau tias bifocals tau tsim hauv tebchaws Askiv hauv xyoo 1760, thiab tias Franklin pom lawv nyob ntawd thiab xaj ib khub rau nws tus kheej.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev tsim ntawm bifocals rau Franklin feem ntau yuav tshwm sim los ntawm nws cov ntawv xov xwm nrog phooj ywg,George Whatley.Hauv ib tsab ntawv, Franklin piav txog nws tus kheej li "zoo siab nyob rau hauv kev tsim khoom ntawm ob lub ntsej muag, uas ua haujlwm rau cov khoom nyob deb thiab nyob ze, ua rau kuv lub qhov muag muaj txiaj ntsig rau kuv ib yam li lawv tau muaj."
Txawm li cas los xij, Franklin yeej tsis tau hais tias nws tsim lawv.Whatley, tej zaum tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm nws txoj kev paub thiab kev txaus siab ntawm Franklin ua tus neeg tsim khoom muaj txiaj ntsig, hauv nws cov lus teb tau hais txog kev tsim khoom ntawm bifocals rau nws tus phooj ywg.Lwm tus tau khaws thiab khiav nrog qhov no mus txog qhov uas tam sim no feem ntau lees txais tias Franklin tau tsim bifocals.Yog tias lwm tus yog tus tsim khoom tiag tiag, qhov tseeb no ploj mus rau lub sijhawm.
Hnub tseem ceeb tom ntej hauv keeb kwm ntawm tsom iav qhov muag yog xyoo 1825, thaum tus kws tshawb fawb Askiv George Airy tsim lub ntsej muag cylindrical uas kho nws qhov ze ze astigmatism.Trifocals sai sai ua raws li, nyob rau hauv 1827. Lwm yam uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th los yog thaum ntxov 19th centuries yog lub monocle, uas yog immortalized los ntawm tus cwj pwm Eustace Tilley, uas yog rau New Yorker dab tsi Alfred E. Neuman yog rau Mad Magazine, thiab cov lorgnette, tsom iav ntawm ib tug pas uas yuav tig ib tug neeg hnav lawv mus rau hauv ib qho instant dowager.
Pince-nez tsom iav, koj yuav nco qab, tau qhia nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-14th caug xyoo nyob rau hauv cov versions thaum ntxov perched rau ntawm lub qhov ntswg.Lawv tau rov qab los 500 xyoo tom qab, nrov los ntawm cov nyiam Teddy Roosevelt, uas nws "nrhiav thiab npaj tau" machismo negated cov duab ntawm iav raws li nruj me ntsis rau cov sissies.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th thaum ntxov, txawm li cas los xij, cov tsom iav pince-nez tau hloov pauv hauv cov koob npe los ntawm cov iav hnav los ntawm, tos rau nws, cov hnub qub yeeb yam, tau kawg.Lub hnub qub uas ntsiag to Harold Lloyd, uas koj tau pom dai ntawm lub skyscraper thaum tuav ob txhais tes ntawm lub moos loj, hnav tag nrho-rim, puag ncig tortoiseshell tsom iav uas ua rau txhua qhov npau taws, ib feem vim tias lawv tau kho lub tuam tsev txhais caj npab rau ntawm tus ncej.
Fused bifocals, kev txhim kho ntawm Franklin-style tsim los ntawm fusing qhov deb- thiab ze-qhov muag lo ntsiab muag ua ke, tau qhia nyob rau hauv 1908. looj tsom iav dub tau nrov nyob rau hauv 1930s, ib feem vim hais tias lub lim rau polarize hnub ci yog tsim nyob rau hauv 1929, enabling looj tsom iav dub. nqus ultraviolet thiab infrared lub teeb.Lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov muaj koob npe ntawm cov looj tsom iav dub yog vim cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo nkauj tau yees duab hnav lawv.
Qhov yuav tsum tau hloov cov looj tsom iav dub rau cov kev xav tau ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II pilots coj mus rau cov neeg nyiamaviator style ntawm looj tsom iav dub.Kev nce qib hauv cov yas ua kom cov thav ntawv ua rau ntau yam xim, thiab cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov iav tsom iav rau cov poj niam, hu ua cat-eye vim yog cov npoo ntawm cov ncej, tig tsom iav rau hauv cov lus hais txog poj niam.
Conversely, txiv neej lub tsom iav qhov muag nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1940 thiab '50s tended yuav ntau austere kub round hlau thav duab, tab sis nrog kev zam, xws li Buddy Holly's square style, thiab James Dean's tortoiseshells.
Nrog rau cov lus tshaj tawm cov tsom iav qhov muag tau dhau los, kev nce qib hauv cov thev naus laus zis tsom iav tau coj cov tsom iav tsis zoo (tsis muaj kab ntau lub tsom iav) rau cov pej xeem hauv xyoo 1959. Yuav luag tag nrho cov tsom iav tsom iav tam sim no yog ua los ntawm cov yas, uas yog sib dua li iav thiab tawg kom huv si es tsis tawg. hauv shards.
Yas photochromic lo ntsiab muag, uas tig tsaus rau hauv lub hnub ci ci thiab ua kom pom tseeb dua ntawm lub hnub, thawj zaug tau muaj nyob rau xyoo 1960s.Lub sijhawm ntawd lawv tau hu ua "photo grey", vim tias qhov no tsuas yog xim lawv tuaj rau hauv. Diam duab grey lo ntsiab muag muaj nyob rau hauv iav nkaus xwb, tab sis xyoo 1990 lawv tau los ua cov yas, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st lawv tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv. ntau yam xim.
Cov tsom iav tsom iav tuaj thiab mus, thiab raws li niaj zaus hauv kev zam, txhua yam qub nws thiaj li ua tshiab dua.Ib rooj plaub hauv taw tes: Kub-rimmed thiab rimless iav siv los ua neeg nyiam.Tam sim no tsis ntau.Loj loj, cov iav loj loj-thooj iav tau nyiam nyob rau xyoo 1970s.Tam sim no tsis ntau.Tam sim no, cov tsom iav retro uas tau 40 xyoo dhau los tsis muaj neeg nyiam, xws li square, horn-rim thiab brow-line tsom iav, tswj cov khoom siv kho qhov muag.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-14-2023